(本文刊於健康新竹縣電子報2013/07期杏林春暖專欄)
最近兩週,阿禎發現左小腿有陣發性的異常疼痛感,常常還伴隨燒灼感;同時,婆婆注意到阿禎的左腳腳趾有不自主的扭動,有時翹起又彎曲,也會水平開合地移動。阿禎很困擾,前往台北某醫學中心求診,神經內科醫師跟她說這是一種很罕見的毛病,叫做「腿痛趾動症候群」。究竟這是什麼問題呢?
腿痛趾動症候群(painful legs and moving toes syndrome, PLMT)又稱「下肢疼痛足趾運動症」,臨床上很少見,而特徵恰如其名,為單側或雙側的肢體疼痛(通常是下肢),伴隨腳掌或腳趾的不自主運動。兩個較大型的外國研究顯示,PLMT患者以女性為多,好發年齡很廣,從二十幾至八十幾歲都可能(平均年齡六十幾歲),其症狀以雙側居多,九成以上的患者症狀僅限於下肢;大多數的疼痛症狀都在不自主運動之前出現(也是患者主要求診原因),腳掌或腳趾的不自主運動常以腳趾扭動(writhing movement)來表現,亦可為翹起、蜷曲、張開等樣式,淺睡時會稍微好轉[1, 2]。PLMT最常被確認的病因是周邊神經病變(28%)、神經根病變(9%)和先前外傷(11%),但仍有高達約四成左右的患者找不出確切原因[2, 3]。一些PLMT的個案報告曾提及其他病因或相關疾病,包括第五節腰椎椎間盤突出導致的神經根病變[4]、帶狀皰疹病毒脊髓炎[5]、橋本氏病(Hashimoto’s disease)[6]、薦椎神經根囊腫(sacral Tarlov cyst)[7];以解剖學的角度來看,凡能影響周邊神經、神經根、脊神經節、馬尾(cauda equina)和脊髓的疾病[8, 9],都是值得臨床醫師考慮的診斷要點。
PLMT確切的病理機轉並不清楚,有文獻認為是周邊神經病灶釋放異常訊號上傳至脊髓進行中樞性重組(central reorganization)而讓患者產生疼痛感與不自主運動[10],另也有說法稱交感神經元之異常放電可能使肢體產生疼痛感[11]。
鑑別診斷方面,不寧腿症候群(restless leg syndrome)易與PLMT混淆,前者於下午及夜晚症狀較嚴重、沒有自發性不自主運動、對多巴胺類藥物反應良好,後者則不然[12]。另外,PLMT有一種特殊的分型,稱之為「腿不痛趾動症(painless legs and moving toes)」,主要以遠端肢體不自主運動為臨床表徵,卻無肢體疼痛,臨床上更為罕見;曾有文獻報導此PLMT分型患者於懷孕時症狀會緩解,且與女性體內荷爾蒙濃度無明顯關聯性[13]。
PLMT的治療藥物和方法很多,但普遍來說效果偏差,且症狀大多不會自癒(83%)[2]。文獻報導有效的口服用藥有GABAergic agents(如gabapentin、clonazepam、baclofen)、carbamazepine及oxcarbazepine可考慮[1, 4, 14, 15, 16],此外,尚可嘗試肉毒桿菌素局部注射[17]、脊髓麻醉止痛術(spinal blocks)、硬膜外脊髓刺激術(Epidural spinal cord stimulation)[10, 18, 19]、腰椎交感神經切除術[11]等積極性治療方式。
幸運的阿禎在使用肉毒桿菌素局部注射治療後,左小腿的疼痛感已大幅緩解,腳趾的不自主扭動也減少許多。現在,阿禎又能和婆婆優雅地逛街、喝下午茶了!
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