阿茲海默病是最常見的失智症,其造成記憶力減退、失能失用症、精神症狀以及晚期的生活照顧問題,對子女都是很大的負擔。在美國,阿茲海默病是第六順位的死亡原因,而且在過去十年來,罹患阿茲海默病而死亡的患者比率還增加了68%[1]。如何早期診斷阿茲海默病而能有治療及應變對策,是近年來非常火熱的醫學議題。
阿茲海默病的病理變化早在其臨床症狀出現數年之前就已發生[2],因此,阿茲海默病生物標記(biomarkers)的相關研究一直在積極地發展,以求能以客觀的科學方法盡早診斷。目前最常應用的阿茲海默病生物標記包括:
1. 腦脊液中乙型類澱粉蛋白質(beta-amyloid, Aβ, esp. Aβ42)含量下降和p-tau/tau含量上升[3]。
2. 偵測皮質厚度[4]、或顳葉、頂葉及旁邊緣皮質區是否萎縮的腦部磁振造影(MRI)。
3. 測量大腦顳葉及頂葉葡萄醣代謝率的正子造影(FDG-PET)[5, 6]。
4. 偵測類澱粉蛋白沉積的正子造影(amyloid PET, using Pittsburgh Compound B, or [11C]PIB)[7]。
有研究針對tau和乙型類澱粉蛋白質的比例(tau/Aβ42, p-tau/Aβ42)來追蹤分析,發現若認知功能正常的受試者腦脊液內有比例上升的情況,未來三、四年內有七成的受試者會有臨床症狀[8],另一篇文獻則說此比例上升的受試者全都進展為輕微知能障礙(mild cognitive impairment)[9]。Petrie等醫師則發現了正常受試者的腦脊液內,較低的Aβ42濃度與內側顳葉的葡萄糖代謝低下有相關,而較高的tau和p–tau181濃度與則與阿茲海默病患者容易有葡萄糖代謝低下的很多腦區有相關[10],諸如此類的研究和文獻不勝枚舉,主要還是想尋求在臨床症狀出現前就能夠準確診斷的突破。
在實際應用上還是有不少細節要注意,比方說很多疾病(如庫賈氏病和額顳葉失智症等)都會導致腦脊液中乙型類澱粉蛋白質含量下降或tau的含量上升,不能單看一個數據就驟然判斷有阿茲海默病之病理變化;同理,在腦部磁振造影上看到的皮質萎縮,若明顯在額葉也有出現,也必須考慮額顳葉失智症的可能。阿茲海默病的生物標記判讀還是要配合神經科醫師的綜合判斷,才能展現高度的預後價值。
比較可惜的是,阿茲海默病的治療方面,至今尚未有能夠成功逆轉病程的藥物,所有的藥物都只能延緩病程的進展。期待在不久的將來,能夠有阿茲海默病的治療藥物問世,造福人群。
參考資料:
1. Thies, W., L. Bleiler, and A. Alzheimer's, 2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement, 2013. 9(2): p. 208-45.
2. Braak, H. and E. Braak, Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol, 1991. 82(4): p. 239-59.
3. Rosen, C., et al., Fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease - current concepts. Mol Neurodegener, 2013. 8: p. 20.
4. Dickerson, B.C., D.A. Wolk, and I. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, MRI cortical thickness biomarker predicts AD-like CSF and cognitive decline in normal adults. Neurology, 2012. 78(2): p. 84-90.
5. Mosconi, L., et al., Pre-clinical detection of Alzheimer's disease using FDG-PET, with or without amyloid imaging. J Alzheimers Dis, 2010. 20(3): p. 843-54.
6. Mistur, R., et al., Current Challenges for the Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease: Brain Imaging and CSF Studies. J Clin Neurol, 2009. 5(4): p. 153-66.
7. Vlassenko, A.G., T.L. Benzinger, and J.C. Morris, PET amyloid-beta imaging in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2012. 1822(3): p. 370-9.
8. Fagan, A.M., et al., Cerebrospinal fluid tau/beta-amyloid(42) ratio as a prediction of cognitive decline in nondemented older adults. Arch Neurol, 2007. 64(3): p. 343-9.
9. Li, G., et al., CSF tau/Abeta42 ratio for increased risk of mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Neurology, 2007. 69(7): p. 631-9.
10. Petrie, E.C., et al., Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer changes: convergent cerebrospinal fluid biomarker and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography findings. Arch Neurol, 2009. 66(5): p. 632-7.
在實際應用上還是有不少細節要注意,比方說很多疾病(如庫賈氏病和額顳葉失智症等)都會導致腦脊液中乙型類澱粉蛋白質含量下降或tau的含量上升,不能單看一個數據就驟然判斷有阿茲海默病之病理變化;同理,在腦部磁振造影上看到的皮質萎縮,若明顯在額葉也有出現,也必須考慮額顳葉失智症的可能。阿茲海默病的生物標記判讀還是要配合神經科醫師的綜合判斷,才能展現高度的預後價值。
比較可惜的是,阿茲海默病的治療方面,至今尚未有能夠成功逆轉病程的藥物,所有的藥物都只能延緩病程的進展。期待在不久的將來,能夠有阿茲海默病的治療藥物問世,造福人群。
參考資料:
1. Thies, W., L. Bleiler, and A. Alzheimer's, 2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement, 2013. 9(2): p. 208-45.
2. Braak, H. and E. Braak, Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol, 1991. 82(4): p. 239-59.
3. Rosen, C., et al., Fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease - current concepts. Mol Neurodegener, 2013. 8: p. 20.
4. Dickerson, B.C., D.A. Wolk, and I. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, MRI cortical thickness biomarker predicts AD-like CSF and cognitive decline in normal adults. Neurology, 2012. 78(2): p. 84-90.
5. Mosconi, L., et al., Pre-clinical detection of Alzheimer's disease using FDG-PET, with or without amyloid imaging. J Alzheimers Dis, 2010. 20(3): p. 843-54.
6. Mistur, R., et al., Current Challenges for the Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease: Brain Imaging and CSF Studies. J Clin Neurol, 2009. 5(4): p. 153-66.
7. Vlassenko, A.G., T.L. Benzinger, and J.C. Morris, PET amyloid-beta imaging in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2012. 1822(3): p. 370-9.
8. Fagan, A.M., et al., Cerebrospinal fluid tau/beta-amyloid(42) ratio as a prediction of cognitive decline in nondemented older adults. Arch Neurol, 2007. 64(3): p. 343-9.
9. Li, G., et al., CSF tau/Abeta42 ratio for increased risk of mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Neurology, 2007. 69(7): p. 631-9.
10. Petrie, E.C., et al., Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer changes: convergent cerebrospinal fluid biomarker and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography findings. Arch Neurol, 2009. 66(5): p. 632-7.
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